Pet allergies are a common problem, especially for individuals who already suffer from allergic asthma or hay fever. While pets bring joy and companionship into our lives, they can also be the source of significant allergic reactions for some people. In this article, we explore the causes, symptoms, and testing and treatment options for pet allergies, providing helpful information for those affected.
What Causes Pet Allergies?
It is a common misconception that pet allergies are triggered by animal hair, but it is in fact triggered by a reaction to proteins found in an animal's saliva, urine, or, most commonly, their dander.
Pet dander, which consists of tiny, even microscopic, flecks of skin shed by cats, dogs, horses, rabbits and other animals with fur or feathers, is particularly problematic. These particles can become airborne and are easily inhaled, leading to allergic reactions.
Animal dander allergies are an example of a perennial aeroallergen, leading to allergic symptoms all year round.
Aeroallergens
Pet dander is classified as an aeroallergen, meaning it can spread through the air, or transfer through clothing and shoes, and trigger an allergic response even if you haven't had direct contact with an animal. This characteristic makes pet dander particularly troublesome, as it can linger in the environment long after the animal has left. This is why some people experience symptoms in homes where pets have lived previously or in places frequented by pets, such as veterinary clinics or friends' houses.
Common Symptoms of Pet Allergies
The symptoms of pet allergies can vary from mild to severe and often resemble those of other common allergies. Here are some typical signs to look out for:
Sneezing
Runny or stuffy nose
Itchy, watery eyes
Coughing
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Skin rashes or hives
Individuals with allergic asthma might experience an increase in asthmatic symptoms, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, when exposed to pet allergens. It's essential to recognise these symptoms early and seek appropriate medical advice if you are concerned about any of the above symptoms.
Pet allergy testing
The best test for a pet allergy diagnosis is a skin prick test. The test is performed by a doctor, or other qualified professional, in a clinical setting.
For further details about skin prick testing, please click here.
Managing Pet Allergies
Avoidance
The most effective and straightforward method for handling a pet allergy is to avoid the animal causing the reaction. While this can be challenging for pet owners, it is often the most straightforward solution. Here are some practical tips for minimising exposure:
Keep pets out of certain areas of the home, such as the bedroom, to create an allergen-free zone.
Use air filtration systems in your home to reduce airborne pet allergens.
Bathe and groom pets regularly to reduce the amount of dander they shed.
Clean your home frequently, including vacuuming carpets and upholstery, to remove allergens. Hardwood flooring is better than carpets.
Open windows and ventilate the space well.
Antihistamines and Inhalers
For many people, the symptoms of pet allergies can be controlled through the use of over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines. These medications help reduce the body's allergic response and alleviate symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and itching. In some cases, individuals with asthma may also require prescribed inhalers to manage respiratory symptoms.
Immunotherapy Treatment
For those whose symptoms are not sufficiently controlled by antihistamines and avoidance strategies, immunotherapy may be an option. Immunotherapy involves gradually introducing the body to small amounts of the allergen over time, with the goal of desensitising the immune system.
Immunotherapy treatment is primarily recommended for individuals who do not suffer with asthma and whose allergic symptoms are not too severe. There is a risk of an adverse reaction with animal dander immunotherapy and therefore the first dose needs to be taken under medical supervision.
It's important to note that all treatment should be done under the guidance of an Allergy Specialist. Your doctor can help to determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on your specific symptoms and circumstances.
Limitations and Licensing of Immunotherapy
In the UK, immunotherapy for pet allergies is not licensed. This does not mean that is unsafe, and it can still be prescribed by a doctor where they believe it to be the appropriate treatment for you. This makes it especially important to consult with a qualified allergy specialist who can explore the options with you and provide personalised advice.
Hypoallergenic pets
There is no such thing as a truly hypoallergenic pet, unfortunately. Some breeds may produce fewer allergens than others, and short-haired breeds may be easier to tolerate as they shed less, however all breeds are capable of triggering allergic reactions and care should be taken with this.
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